Sound the same :
- Do adjacent sentences contain the same subject and/or
     the same verb? 
If
so, you can combine two or more short, simple sentences in a single, concise
sentence. 
 
- Join the sentences by omitting a repeated subject. 
 
  | 
Original | 
Radio advertisements
  are broadcast daily or weekly. Radio advertisements reach a wide audience. | 
  | 
Revision | 
Radio advertisements
  are broadcast daily or weekly and reach a wide audience. | 
 
 
- Join the sentences by omitting repeated subjects and
      verbs and by using adjectives. </CAPTION
 
  | 
Original | 
The city council
  conducted a study of public transportation. The study was lengthy. The study
  was detailed. | 
  | 
Revision | 
The city council
  conducted a lengthy, detailed study of public transportation. | 
 
 
- Join the sentences by omitting repeated subjects and
      verbs and by using adverbs. 
 
  | 
Original | 
The negotiators
  worked to gain approval for the contract. The negotiators worked at a steady
  pace. However, they worked slowly. | 
  | 
Revision | 
The negotiators
  worked steadily but slowly to gain approval for the contract. | 
 
- Do adjacent sentences contain ideas of equal
     importance? 
If so, use coordination.
 
- Join the sentences with a coordinating conjunction
      preceded by a comma. The seven coordinating conjunctions create different
      relationships between two ideas. 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
- and
      shows addition; it has the same meaning as in addition, along
      with 
The strike divided the town, and it
strained labor-management relations. 
 
- but
      shows contrast; it has the same meaning as however, except,
      on the other hand 
Negotiators resolved the strike, but
the town remained divided. 
 
- for
      shows logical consequence; it has the same meaning as because, the
      reason why 
Coping with environmental issues is a
necessary part of industrial studies, for industries affect the
environment. 
 
- so
      shows logical consequence; it has the same meaning as as a result,
      therefore 
Industries affect the environment, so
coping with environmental issues is a necessary part of industrial studies. 
 
- nor
      shows addition of a negative point 
The environment cannot sustain constant
resource depletion, nor can it recover quickly from wide-scale resource
extraction. 
Businesses can design their own programs for
recording statistical data, or they can use purchased, pre-designed
programs. 
More secondary schools are implementing
programs designed to increase teenagers' awareness of the dangers of drinking
and driving, yet alcohol-related traffic accidents continue to be one of
the leading causes of death for people between the ages of fifteen and
twenty-two. 
 
- Join the sentences with a semicolon. A semicolon needs
      complete sentences on either side of it that have complete meaning and
      can stand by themselves. Use a semicolon when you want to keep two
      closely related ideas in one sentence. 
 
  | 
Original | 
Ethnobotanists study
  plants and plant products that contribute to human culture. They study past,
  present, and potential uses of such plants. | 
  | 
Revision | 
Ethnobotanists study
  plants and plant products that contribute to human culture; they study past,
  present, and potential uses of such plants | 
 
 
2- Subject and verb agreement :
 
 
 
The subject and verb
must agree in number: both must be singular, or both must be plural. Problems
occur in the present tense because one must add an -s or -es at
the end of the verb when the subjects or the entity performing the action is a
singular third person: he, she, it, or words for which
these pronouns could substitute. 
Notice the difference
between singular and plural forms in the following examples: 
 
  | 
Singular  | 
Plural | 
  | 
The student sings.
  (He or she sings) | 
Your children
  sing. (They sing) | 
  | 
The bird does
  migrate. (It does)  | 
Those birds do
  migrate. (They do) | 
 
In order to find out
if your subject and verb agree, you need to be able to identify the subject of
your sentence. Here are some helpful hints that will help you to decipher where
your subject is and where it is not. 
Where is my subject?
- Most likely, your verb will agree with the first
     noun to the left of the verb: 
 
  | 
The Supreme Court
  judge decides the appropriate penalty. | 
  | 
Subject: judge | 
Verb: decides | 
 
 
  | 
The committee
  members were satisfied with the resolution. | 
  | 
Subject: members | 
Verb: were | 
 
- Occasionally, a sentence has the subject after the
     verb instead of before it. This strategy is often used for poetic
     effect. 
 
  | 
Over the ripples
  glides a small canoe.  | 
  | 
Subject: a small canoe | 
Verb: glides | 
 
 
  | 
There was a
  well-known writer at the meeting. | 
  | 
Subject: a well-known writer | 
Verb: was | 
 
- You will not find the subject in a modifying phrase
     (MP), a phrase that starts with a preposition, a gerund, or a relative
     pronoun and that modifies the meaning of the noun or subject under
     discussion. 
 
  | 
The group of
  students is going on a field trip. | 
  | 
Subject: the group | 
MP: of students | 
Verb: is | 
 
 
  | 
The survey covering
  seven colleges reveals a growth in enrollment. | 
  | 
Subject: the survey | 
MP: covering seven
  colleges  | 
Verb: reveals | 
 
 
  | 
The speaker whom you
  saw at the lecture is one of the state senators from Minnesota. | 
  | 
Subject: the speaker | 
MP: whom you saw at
  the lecture | 
Verb: is | 
 
- If subjects are joined by and, they are
     considered plural.
 
  | 
The quarterback and
  the coach are having a conference.  | 
  | 
Subject: the quarterback and the coach | 
Verb: are having |